What Is An Underclass Sociology Essay

What Is An Underclass Sociology Essay In the social sciences, not many theses have been as contentious as the underclass thesis. Nevertheless, whether as a heuristic device to study society or as a target of ideological or academic attack, the underclass thesis has been used a focus of attention by a wide spectrum of researchers, politicians and journalists. In post-industrial societies the debate on the existence, nature and causes of the underclass has been raging on for decades. There is a plethora of ideological, policy, ontological and methodological disputes around it. People who are at the bottom of a society having become victims of poverty trap. This class is largely composed of the young unemployed, long-unemployed, chronically-sick, disabled, old, or single-parent (usually the mother) families. It also includes those who are systematically excluded from participation in legitimate economic activities, such as cultural, ethnic, or religious minorities or illegal immigrants. Children of the underclass (especially those from single-parent families) often lack educational qualifications and social and other skills and are, therefore, unable to rise out of it. Readmore: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/underclass.html#ixzz1tBoYdPp6 REFERENCES http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/nov2008/underclass.html http://www.cepprobation.org/uploaded_files/Delphine%20Duff.pdf http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=16671 The evident growth of society has been plagued by radical changes that attempt to explain part of certain sectors of society and their behavioural tendencies in order to understand their influences and attempt to resolve social problems. To solve any social problems begins with a definitive role to define and name it, thereby build social responses that are geared to address the defining issues. Within this discussion the description of what is defined as an underclass is vital to the argument, there appears to be little consent about whether or not the term should be used. It derived in the United States and first came into Britain in the 1960s by the 1980s Field (1989) and Murray had adopted the term but recognised the difficulty of defining what it constituted. Conclusion The issue of defining a version of poverty as the underclass fails to justify its correlation with why a large number of youth offend. The mere comparison alone is enough to bring those socially disadvantaged to be rebellious because of the association with that implication. Therefore their behaviour and situations begin to be influence the way they interact with society. The association of hoodies with youth offenders has already resulted in society treating them in a hostile way. The result is even those who do wear hoodies are now tarnished with the same brush and with suspicion. Society views them as hostile delinquents and therefore their future is now being affected by the way they look rather than the content of their character. There are no situations where we can justify calling part of the same society we live in by under-rating them with such derogatory term. While we may continue to use the term underclass in our social explanations, it will be to justify the explanation for our cause rather than to address the real underlying issues of a degree of poverty. The behaviour of youth offenders is more to do with a lack of resources to improve their status, which in turn results in social poverty brought on by their exclusion to the very society they live in. We cannot continue to label part of our society to justify economic or political explanations anymore. Radical decisions have to be implemented to address those under-privileged by whatever circumstances, than to continue to give them a new name, which will not solve the problem but excaebarate it. WHAT IS AN UNDERCLASS? AND WHAT, IF ANY, IS ITS CONNECTION WITH GROUP OFFENDING? In the social sciences, not many theses have been as contentious as the underclass thesis. Nevertheless, whether as a heuristic device to study society or as a target of ideological or academic attack, the underclass thesis has been used a focus of attention by a wide spectrum of researchers, politicians and journalists. In post-industrial societies the debate on the existence, nature and causes of the underclass has been raging on for decades. There is a plethora of ideological, policy, ontological and methodological disputes around it. People who are at the bottom of a society having become victims of poverty trap. This class is largely composed of the young unemployed, long-unemployed, chronically-sick, disabled, old, or single-parent (usually the mother) families. It also includes those who are systematically excluded from participation in legitimate economic activities, such as cultural, ethnic, or religious minorities or illegal immigrants. Children of the underclass (especially those from single-parent families) often lack educational qualifications and social and other skills and are, therefore, unable to rise out of it. Readmore: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/underclass.html#ixzz1tBoYdPp6 REFERENCES http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/nov2008/underclass.html http://www.cepprobation.org/uploaded_files/Delphine%20Duff.pdf http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=16671 The evident growth of society has been plagued by radical changes that attempt to explain part of certain sectors of society and their behavioural tendencies in order to understand their influences and attempt to resolve social problems. To solve any social problems begins with a definitive role to define and name it, thereby build social responses that are geared to address the defining issues. Within this discussion the description of what is defined as an underclass is vital to the argument, there appears to be little consent about whether or not the term should be used. It derived in the United States and first came into Britain in the 1960s by the 1980s Field (1989) and Murray had adopted the term but recognised the difficulty of defining what it constituted. Conclusion The issue of defining a version of poverty as the underclass fails to justify its correlation with why a large number of youth offend. The mere comparison alone is enough to bring those socially disadvantaged to be rebellious because of the association with that implication. Therefore their behaviour and situations begin to be influence the way they interact with society. The association of hoodies with youth offenders has already resulted in society treating them in a hostile way. The result is even those who do wear hoodies are now tarnished with the same brush and with suspicion. Society views them as hostile delinquents and therefore their future is now being affected by the way they look rather than the content of their character. There are no situations where we can justify calling part of the same society we live in by under-rating them with such derogatory term. While we may continue to use the term underclass in our social explanations, it will be to justify the explanation for our cause rather than to address the real underlying issues of a degree of poverty. The behaviour of youth offenders is more to do with a lack of resources to improve their status, which in turn results in social poverty brought on by their exclusion to the very society they live in. We cannot continue to label part of our society to justify economic or political explanations anymore. Radical decisions have to be implemented to address those under-privileged by whatever circumstances, than to continue to give them a new name, which will not solve the problem but excaebarate it. The evident growth of society has been plagued by social and economic changes that attempt to explain part of certain sectors of societal segregation and their behavioural tendencies in order to understand their influences and attempt to resolve problems that affect those segments. To solve any social problems begins with a definitive role to name and then define underclass, thereby build social policies and responses that are geared to address the underlying issues. According to Bullock and Young (2002) the full scale of a problem can only be defined after a universal definition. According to Jencks version (1992), he refers to underclass as composed of people who lack the social and cultural skills required to deal with mainstream institutions. Hereby begins the use of multitude of criteria to rank one another usually being based on their income, cultural skills and social behaviour. In order to bring some form of sense to the word underclass, Charles Murray explains that its formation is based on three issues. These are crime, dropping out of the labour market and illegitimacy (IEA, 1999). My report attempts to examine underclass referring much to Charles Murrays report on (1989) and assesses whether there may be any correlation with group offending, in particular the youths. He refers to underclass not as a degree of poverty, but a type of poverty and thereby agrees with Jencks in that poverty may be a necessary condition in establishing an individual as a member of the underclass. Definition of underclass and youth offending By beginning to understand underclass, is to begin to distinguish the mindset of the poor and to explain the breakdown of law and order within their segment. The current literature has associated the definition of underclass and places emphasises either on the persistence of poverty or the number of people in neighbourhoods where the incidences of poverty or dysfunctional behaviour is high (Mincy et al, 1990). Murray goes further to address that poverty is mostly concentrated in the lowest social class and is drastically reduced among the middle and upper class and therefore crime is used to define poverty by social class. Youth offending From the 1940s youth delinquency became a common feature in social, academic and political discourses mainly due to welfare reforms. Murray believe these reforms helped the underclass to develop within UK.Muncie (2009) defines youth as those aged between ten to seventeen years of age. associates it with the formation base to compare the poor and those especially poor. From Murray t,herefore the definition of the poor further groups them into two, the deserving and the undeserving poor. However this classification does not reflect if The issue of defining a version of poverty as the underclass fails to justify its correlation with why a large number of youth offend. The mere comparison alone is enough to bring those socially disadvantaged to be rebellious because of the sitgma associated with being poor. Social policy dictates it as inhuman to criticise or blame an individual who has fallen on hardships due to misconduct (IEA). Therefore any policies that categorise those less fortunate, whether deserving or undeserving will alter their behaviour thereby influence the way they interact with society. The association of hoodies, for example, with youth offenders has already resulted in society treating them in a hostile way. The result is even those who do wear hoodies are now tarnished with the same brush and with suspicion and contempt. Society views them as hostile delinquents and therefore their future is now being affected by the way they look rather than the content of their character. There are no situations where we can justify calling part of the same society we live in by under-rating them with such derogatory term. While we may continue to use the term underclass in our social explanations, it will be to justify the explanation for our cause rather than to address the real underlying issues of a degree of poverty. The behaviour of youth offenders is more to do with a lack of resources to improve their status, which in turn results in social poverty brought on by their exclusion to the very society they live in. We cannot continue to label part of our society to justify economic or political explanations anymore. Radical decisions have to be implemented to address those under-privileged by whatever circumstances, than to continue to give them a new name, which will not resolve their problems, but excaebarate it.

Budget Deficit Definition and How It Affects the Economy

How does a government budget deficit affect the economy? Identify two periods in recent history in which the United States has run budget deficits. What were the reasons for the deficits during those time periods? A government’s budget deficit occurs when the amount of money going out exceeds the amount of money coming in and is defined as a shortfall of revenues under payment. For example say the amount of taxes being collected is $500,000 but the amount of government spending is $7000,000 the government has a deficit of $200,000.Governments often fund these deficits with the sale of bonds; this sale is an IOU to the buyer and a promise for repayment in the future. In an effort to make up for the deficit and the increase in the nations debt the government might increase taxes and interest rates; this affects the economy in a negative way by decreasing the amount of money consumers have to spend on goods and services. A chain creation may occrue decreasing demand causing suppl y to also fall. During the years of 1981 to 1989 the deficit within the U.S. government drove up the amount of debt held by the public by almost triple. Ronald Reagan increased the amount of money the government was spending on the military but also decreased taxes. With no ability to fund the military spending the government experienced a deficit and borrowed money, which increased the public debt. The same was true for the Bush administration, as the cost of two wars increased and the amount of tax breaks also increasing the amount of tax revenue decreased.In an effort to pay for the nations wars the government increased the borrowing and drove up the publics debt to 40% of the nations GDP. Of course the largest increase in the nations deficit has come in the last three years, the nations wars and economic stimulus has, in the way of increased spending, increased the nations deficit and caused the nations debt to rise to &15. 5 trillion or 63% of the nations GDP.

Balance Theory Essay

Introduction Good Evening ladies and gentlemen my name is xxxxx and today I shall enlighten you about a very interesting theory concerning consumer behaviour and Marketing. As practicing marketers, we are well aware of the impact that a celebrities endorsement can have on consumer behaviour but I am pretty sure most of you wouldn’t know the reasoning behind such a phenomenon. What is the Balance Theory? Ever wondered why firms use celebrities to endorse their products? Well wonder no further because Fritz Heider proposed with his Balance theory that people attempt to maintain a psychological balance and form relationships that balance out their likes and dislikes. For example if Person A likes a celebrity and the celebrity likes a product but Person A originally disliked the product, then Person A is likely to end up increasing his enjoyment of the product or decreasing his liking of the celebrity or both. All these options create equilibrium. As marketers, it is our goal to achieve market the product successfully to the target audience. For example if we were to use Michael Jordan to market golfing products, then the target consumer would most likely end up disliking the product. However, if we were to use Tiger Woods to market the golfing products, then consumers of golfing products would most likely end up liking the products. The Balance Theory Explained So the Balance Theory is made up of a Triangle that consists of 3 elements. The relationship between these 3 elements is known as sentiment relations. So the first element is PO, the second element is PX and the third element is OX. If the results of the multiplication of the positive or negative signs of any 2 elements yields a positive result, then the consistency in the triad is maintained and vice versa. This model may seem complicated but it is in essence very basic. So let me simplify this for you with an example. Positive Example Let us assume P is John a basketball fan, O is Michael Jordan a celebrity Basketball player and X is the product being marketed and in this case let’s assume it is a limited edition basketball. So if John is a fan of Michael Jordan, then the sentimental relation PO will be positive. Since Michael Jordan is approves of the product he endorsed, the relationship OX is positive too. Therefore, by default, PX would be positive too. Negative Example However, say if P were to remain John, O were to become Tiger Woods and X were to become a golf set, then PO would become negative since Tiger Woods is a golfer and hence John would not be able to relate to him, OX would remain positive since Tiger Woods loves the product he is endorsing and the eventual result of this would be a negative PX which would mean consistency in the Triad is not maintained and that the celebrity endorsement has not been successful in promoting this product to the consumer. Importance of this theory to us This theory is of interest to us as future marketers as it helps us understand consumer behaviour and psychology with regards to mascots used to endorse/market a product. It also educates us on the 3 way relationship that transpires between product, celebrity and consumer and in turn, we would be able to market our products using the correct celebrities for the correct product. The End And that ladies and gentlemen concludes my presentation on Fritz Heider’s Balance Theory. Thank you all for your kind attention. Bibliography 1. http://www.investorwords.com/15193/balance_theory.html 2. http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/balance_theory.htm 3. Roy, Subhadip, Gammoh, Bashar S., Koh Anthony C. (2012). Predicting the effectiveness of celebrity endorsements using the balance theory..Journal of Customer Behaviour. 11 (1), p33-52.

Huntington s Disease ( Hd ) Is A Neurodegenerative Disease

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects roughly 10 individuals per 100,000 (Nopoulus, 2016). This disorder is normally associated with symptoms including motor impairment, namely slowed movements and random muscle contractions, as well as depression and cognitive dysfunction. However, another prominent symptom that has yet to be mentioned until recently is sleep disturbance and alteration of normal circadian rhythms. It is estimated that 60-90% of HD patients have sleep issues and that nearly 60% see those issues as being factors in their overall problems (Goodman et al., 2010). Despite the minimal volume of studies, the overwhelming proportion of HD patients who are afflicted with circadian dysfunction and†¦show more content†¦However, in HD patients metabolic dysfunction is commonplace (Morton, 2013). A study using transgenic R6/2 mice, which were designed to imitate conditions similar to HD, has shown that the mice exhibit dysfunction and disconnection of the peripheral clocks from the SCN’s control (Maywood et al., 2010). These mice exhibited liver function that was characterized by loss of circadian control. The liver plays a crucial role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis, so this could be a possible explanation to the metabolic dysfunction that is seen so often in HD. If the peripheral clocks are disoriented from the central rhythms, then this can result in different body systems no longer working as effectively as when they are in sync. Furthermore, research has also revealed that circadian function within the SCN is also directly affected by HD. In another study using R6/2 mice, it was found that the mice’ night-day ratios were abnormal, revealing circadian disruption (Morton et al., 2005). 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